Desde la primera publicación del abordaje transvenoso para la implantación de marcapasos en 1959, el ápex del ventrículo derecho ha sido el sitio tradicional de estimulación por ser de fácil acceso y proporcionar estabilidad a largo plazo y umbrales crónicos de estimulación óptimos. La estimulación en orejuela derecha y ápex de ventrículo derecho ha permitido establecer una frecuencia cardiaca estable y lograr la sincronía auriculoventricular, dos de los objetivos principales de la estimulación eléctrica extrínseca; sin embargo, con ello no se ha conseguido lograr un patrón de activación y sincronía fisiológicos.
Múltiples estudios publicados en los últimos años han puesto de manifiesto los efectos perjudiciales de la estimulación convencional, tanto funcionales como estructurales, con las consiguientes morbilidad y mortalidad. De ahí el interés surgido en la búsqueda de sitios alternatives de estimulación que permitan obtener despolarización y contracción miocárdica fisiológicas.
En este capítulo se plantea la posibilidad de estimulación auricular en sitios alternativos, con el objetivo fundamental de prevenir las arritmias auriculares. Se revisan, asimismo de forma pormenorizada, las evidencias demostradas hasta el momento acerca de los efectos hemodinámicos y funcionales de la estimulación en tracto de salida de ventrículo derecho, así como su influencia en la duración del QRS y su correlación con la función ventricular. Finalmente, se desarrolla la estimulación permanente del haz de His, con las ventajas que supone la activación ventricular vía sistema específico de conducción.
Palabras clave
Bloqueo cardiaco
Bloqueo de rama
Conducción
Estimulación eléctrica
Marcapasos
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