ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 6. Núm. F.
Páginas 27F-45F (Agosto 2006)

Insuficiencia cardiaca
Técnicas de imagen en la insuficiencia cardiaca

Imaging techniques in heart failure

Luis Martínez Dolz¿Luis Almenar Bonet

Opciones

Las técnicas de imagen desempeñan en la práctica clínica un extraordinario papel, no sólo en el diagnóstico, sino en la valoración pronóstica y en la evaluación del tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. Al desarrollo en los últimos años de técnicas clásicas como la ecocardiografía, la cardiología nuclear y la tomografía computarizada se han sumado la rápida implantación y utilización creciente de la resonancia magnética en el ámbito de la cardiología. Esta amplia oferta de técnicas de imagen hace recomendable un mayor conocimiento de su rendimiento, sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes, que nos permita realizar una selección más apropiada en el estudio de este síndrome clínico. Se revisan en este artículo la utilidad y las indicaciones de las diferentes técnicas de imagen en el manejo clínico de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca.

Palabras clave

Imagen
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Este artículo solo puede leerse en pdf
Bibliografía
[1.]
A.L. Goldberger.
A specific ECG triad associated with congestive heart failure.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, (1982), 5 pp. 593-599
[2.]
J. Kelly, K. Kelleher.
The electrocardiogram in heart failure.
Age Ageing, (2000), 29 pp. 203-206
[3.]
A.D. Struthers.
The diagnosis of heart failure.
Heart, (2000), 84 pp. 334-338
[4.]
A.P. Davie, C.M. Francis, M.P. Love, L. Caruana, J.R. Starkey, T.R. Shaw, et al.
Value of the ECG in identifying heart failure due to LV systolic dysfunction.
BMJ, (1996), 312 pp. 222-229
[5.]
A.P. Davie, C.M. Francis, M.P. Love, L. Caruana, I.R. Starkey, T.R. Shaw, et al.
Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
BMJ, (1996), 312 pp. 222
[6.]
J.T. Thomas, R.F. Kelly, S.J. Thomas, T.D. Stamos, K. Albasha, J.E. Parrillo, et al.
Utility of history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph for differentiating normal from decreased systolic function in patients with heart failure.
Am J Med, (2002), 112 pp. 437-445
[7.]
M. Martínez-Selles, J.A. García Robles, L. Prieto, E. Frades, R. Muñoz, O. Díaz Castro, et al.
Características de los pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca según el estado de su función ventricular.
Rev Esp Cardiol, (2002), 55 pp. 579-586
[8.]
G.W. Dec, V. Fuster.
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
N Engl J Med, (1994), 331 pp. 1564-1575
[9.]
B. Hesse, L.A. Díaz, C.E. Snader, E.H. Blackstone, M.S. Lauer.
Complete bundle branch block as an independent predictor of allcause mortality: report of 7,073 patients referred for nuclear exercise testing.
Am J Med, (2001), 110 pp. 253-259
[10.]
W. Shamim, D.P. Francis, M. Yousufuddin, S. Varney, M.F. Pieopli, S.D. Anker, et al.
Intraventricular conduction delay: a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure.
Int J Cardiol, (1999), 70 pp. 171-178
[11.]
H.J. Shenkman, V. Pampati, A.K. Khandelwal, J. McKinnon, D. Nori, S. Kaatz, et al.
Congestive heart failure and QRS duration: establishing prognosis study.
Chest, (2002), 122 pp. 528-534
[12.]
P. Brooksby, P.D. Batin, J. Nolan, S.J. Lindsay, R. Andrews, M. Mullen, et al.
The relationship between QT intervals and mortality in ambulant patients with chronic heart failure. The united kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UKHEART).
Eur Heart J, (1999), 20 pp. 1335-1341
[13.]
S.A. Hunt, E.M. Antman, S. Smith, W.T. Abraham, M.H. Chin, A.M. Feldman, et al.
ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 46 pp. 1116-1143
[14.]
K. Swedberg, J. Cleland, H. Dargie, H. Drexler, F. Follath, M. Komajda, et al.
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005).
Eur Heart J, (2005), 26 pp. 1115-1140
[15.]
A. Auricchio, C. Stellbrink, C. Butter, S. Sack, J. Vogt, A.R. Misier, Pacing Therapies in Congestive Heart Failure II Study Group; Guidant Heart Failure Research Group, et al.
Clinical efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy using left ventricular pacing in heart failure patients stratified by severity of ventricular conduction delay.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 2109-2116
[16.]
M.R. Bristow, L.A. Saxon, J. Boehmer, S. Krueger, D.A. Kass, T. De Marco, et al.
Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure.
N Engl J Med, (2004), 350 pp. 2140-2150
[17.]
R.F. McNamara, E. Carleen, A.J. Moss, And the Multicentre Post- Infarction Research Group.
Estimating left ventricular ejection farction after myocardial infarction by various clinical parameters.
Am J Cardiol, (1988), 62 pp. 192-196
[18.]
T.J. McHugh, J.S. Forrester, L. Adler, D. Zion, H.JC. Swan.
Pulmonary vascular congestion in acute myocardial infarction: hemodynamic and radiologic correlations.
Ann Intern Med, (1972), 76 pp. 29-33
[19.]
W. Kostuk, J.W. Barr, A.L. Simon, J.R. Ross.
Correlations between the chest film and hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction.
Circulation, (1973), 48 pp. 624-632
[20.]
S. Chakko, D. Woska, H. Martinez, E. De Marchena, L. Futterman, K.M. Kessler.
Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care.
Am J Med, (1991), 90 pp. 353-359
[21.]
M. Grover, R.A. Slutsky, C.B. Higgins, R. Shabetai.
Extravascular lung water in patients with congestive heart failure. Difference between patients with acute and chronic myocardial disease.
Radiology, (1983), 147 pp. 659-662
[22.]
H.L. Kundel, G. Revesz.
Digital analysis of chest radiographs in pulmonary vascular congestion.
Radiology, (1982), 143 pp. 407-410
[23.]
G.M. Rocker, D.H. Rose, A.R. Manhire, D. Pearson, D.J. Shale.
The radiographic differentiation of pulmonary oedema.
Br J Radiol, (1989), 62 pp. 582-586
[24.]
R.G. Badgett, C.D. Mulrow, P.M. Otto, G. Ramirez.
How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction?.
J Gen Intern Med, (1996), 11 pp. 625-634
[25.]
M. Alam, G. Rosenhamer, C. Hoglund.
Comparability of echocardiography and chest X-ray following myocardial infarction.
J Intern Med, (1989), 226 pp. 171-173
[26.]
T. Kono, M. Suwa, H. Hanada, Y. Horota, K. Kawamura.
Clinical significance of normal cardiac silhouette in dilated cardiomyopathy. Evaluation based upon echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Jpn Circ J, (1992), 56 pp. 359-365
[27.]
E.B. Madsen, E. Gilpin, R.A. Slutsky, S. Ahnve, H. Henning, J. Ross.
Usefulness of the chest X-ray for predicting abnormal left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction.
Am Heart J, (1984), 108 pp. 1431-1436
[28.]
M. Grover, R.A. Slutsky, C.B. Higgins, R. Shabetai.
Extravascular lung water in patients with congestive heart failure.
Radiology, (1983), 147 pp. 659-662
[29.]
M.J. Wood, M.H. Picard.
Utility of echocardiography in the evaluation of individuals with cardiomyopathy.
Heart, (2004), 9 pp. 707-712
[30.]
M. Dhir, S.F. Nagueh.
Echocardiography and prognosis of heart failure.
Curr Opin Cardiol, (2002), 17 pp. 253-256
[31.]
M.C. Colquhoun, C. Waine, M.J. Monaghan, A.D. Struthers, P.G. Mills.
Investigation in general practice of patients with suspected heart failure [editorial].
Heart, (1995), 74 pp. 335-336
[32.]
N.M. Wheeldon, T.M. MacDonald, C.J. Flucker, A.D. McKendrick, D.G. McDevitt, A.D. Struthers.
Echocardiography in chronic heart failure in the community.
Quart J Med, (1993), 86 pp. 17-23
[33.]
C. Teupe, M. Takeuchi, S.P. Ram, N.G. Pandian.
Three-dimensional echocardiography: in-vitro validation of a new, voxel-based method for rapid quantification of ventricular volume in normal and aneurysmal left ventricles.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, (2001), 17 pp. 99-105
[34.]
L. Sugeng, L. Weinert, R.M. Lang.
Left ventricular assessment using real time three dimensional echocardiography.
Heart, (2003), 89 pp. iii29-iii36
[35.]
K. Altmann, Z. Shen, L.M. Boxt, D.L. King, W.M. Gersony, L.D. Allan, et al.
Comparison of three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of volume, mass, and function in children with functionally single left ventricles with two-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic.
Am J Cardiol, (1997), 80 pp. 1060-1065
[36.]
C. Teupe, M. Takeuchi, J. Yao, N. Pandian.
Determination of left ventricular mass by three-dimensional echocardiography: in vitro validation of a novel quantification method using multiple equi-angular rotational planes for rapid measurements.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, (2002), 18 pp. 161-167
[37.]
H.P. Kuhl, P. Hanrath, A. Franke.
M-mode echocardiography overestimates left ventricular mass in patients with normal left ventricular shape: a comparative study using three-dimensional echocardiography.
Eur J Echocardiogr, (2003), 4 pp. 312-319
[38.]
H.F. Mannaerts, J.A. Van Der Heide, O. Kamp, T. Papavassiliu, J.T. Marcus, A. Beek, et al.
Quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using freehand transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, (2003), 16 pp. 101-109
[39.]
T. Shiota, P.M. McCarthy, R.D. White, J.X. Qin, N.L. Greenberg, S.D. Flamm, et al.
Initial clinical experience of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with ischemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1999), 84 pp. 1068-1073
[40.]
G.Y. Xie, M.R. Berk, M.D. Smith, J.C. Gurley, A.N. DeMaria.
Prognostic value of Doppler transmitral flow patterns in patients with congestive heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1994), 24 pp. 132-139
[41.]
J. Hung, T. Koelling, M.J. Semigran, G.W. Dec, R.A. Levine, T.G. Di Salvo.
Usefulness of echocardiographically determined tricuspid regurgitation in predicting event-free survival in severe heart failure secondary to idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy or to ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1998), 82 pp. 1201-1203
[42.]
T.M. Koelling, K.D. Aaronson, R.J. Cody, D.S. Bach, W.F. Armstrong.
Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Am Heart J, (2002), 144 pp. 524-529
[43.]
P. Petersen, G. Boysen, J. Godtfredsen, E.D. Andersen, B. Andersen.
Placebo controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: the Copenhagen AFASAK study.
Lancet, (1989), i pp. 175-179
[44.]
Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.
The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.
N Engl J Med, (1990), 323 pp. 1505-1511
[45.]
EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group.
Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke.
Lancet, (1993), 342 pp. 1406-1412
[46.]
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.
Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. I: clinical features of patients at risk.
Ann Intern Med, (1992), 116 pp. 1-5
[47.]
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.
Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. II: echocardiographic features of patients at risk.
Ann Intern Med, (1992), 116 pp. 6-12
[48.]
J.S. Gottdiener, J.A. Gay, L. VanVoorhees, R. DiBianco, R.D. Fletcher.
Incidence and embolic potential of left ventricular thrombus in cardiomyopathy: assessment by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Am J Cardiol, (1983), 52 pp. 1281-1285
[49.]
B.I. Jugdutt, C.A. Sivaram, C. Wortman.
Prospective twodimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular thrombus and embolism after acute myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1989), 13 pp. 554-564
[50.]
M.D. Cheitlin, E.M. Antman, S.C. Smith, W.F. Armstrong, G.P. Aurigemma, G.A. Beller, et al.
ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline Update for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 954-970
[51.]
T. Muro, T. Hozumi, H. Watanabe, H. Yamagishi, M. Yoshiyama, K. Takeuchi, et al.
Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities by intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography with harmonic power Doppler imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography.
Heart, (2003), 89 pp. 145-149
[52.]
S. Kaul, R. Senior, H. Dittrich, U. Raval, R. Khattar, A. Lahiri.
Detection of coronary artery disease with myocardial contrast echocardiography: comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi singlephoton emission computed tomography.
Circulation, (1997), 96 pp. 785-792
[53.]
G. Korosoglou, K.G. Da Silva Jr., N. Labadze, A.E. Dubart, A. Hansen, M. Rosenberg, et al.
Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography for pharmacologic stress testing: is quantitative estimation of myocardial blood flow reserve necessary?.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr, (2004), 17 pp. 1-9
[54.]
V. Dilsizian, R.O. Bonow.
Current diagnostic techniques of assessing myocardial viability in patients with hibernating and stunned myocardium [fe de erratas en Circulation.1993;87:2070].
Circulation, (1993), 87 pp. 1-20
[55.]
S.H. Rahimtoola.
Concept and evaluation of hibernating myocardium.
Annu Rev Med, (1999), 50 pp. 75-86
[56.]
K. Yoshida, K.L. Gould.
Quantitative relation of myocardial infarct size and myocardial viability by positron emission tomography to left ventricular ejection fraction and 3-year mortality with and without revascularization.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1993), 22 pp. 984-997
[57.]
K.S. Lee, T.H. Marwick, S.A. Cook, R.T. Go, J.S. Fix, K.B. James, et al.
Prognosis of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, with and without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction. Relative efficacy of medical therapy and revascularization.
Circulation, (1994), 90 pp. 2687-2694
[58.]
M.F. Di Carli, F. Asgarzadie, H.R. Schelbert, R.C. Brunken, H. Laks, M.E. Phelps, et al.
Quantitative relation between myocardial viability and improvement in heart failure symptoms after revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Circulation, (1995), 92 pp. 3436-3444
[59.]
G. La Canna, O. Alfieri, R. Giubbini, M. Gargano, R. Ferrari, O. Visioli.
Echocardiography during infusion of dobutamine for identification of reversible dysfunction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1994), 23 pp. 617-626
[60.]
M. Arnese, J.H. Cornel, A. Salustri, A. Maat, A. Elhendy, A.E. Reijs, et al.
Prediction of improvement of regional left ventricular function after surgical revascularization. A comparison oflow-dose dobutamine echocardiography with 201 Tl singlephoton emission computed tomography.
Circulation, (1995), 91 pp. 2748-2752
[61.]
C.R. De Filippi, D.L. Willett, W.N. Irani, E.J. Eichhorn, C.E. Velasco, P.A. Grayburn.
Comparison of myocardial contrast echocardiography and low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting recovery of left ventricular function after coronary revascularization in chronic ischemic heart disease.
Circulation, (1995), 92 pp. 2863-2868
[62.]
S.F. Nagueh.
Dobutamine echocardiography versus nuclear cardiac imaging for evaluation of myocardial viability.
Curr Opin Cardiol, (1997), 12 pp. 547-552
[63.]
R. Senior, B. Glenville, S. Basu, B.S. Sridhara, E. Anagnostou, R. Stanbridge, et al.
Dobutamine echocardiography and thallium- 201 imaging predict functional improvement after revascularisation in severe ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction.
Br Heart J, (1995), 74 pp. 358-364
[64.]
S. Shimoni, N.G. Frangogiannis, C.J. Aggeli, K. Shan, M.S. Verani, M.A. Quinones, et al.
Identification of hibernating myocardium with quantitative intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography: comparison with dobutamine echocardiography and thallium- 201 scintigraphy.
Circulation, (2003), 107 pp. 538-544
[65.]
C. Linde, C. Leclercq, S. Rex, S. Garrigue, T. Lavergne, S. Cazeau, et al.
Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2002), 40 pp. 111-118
[66.]
W.T. Abraham, W.G. Fisher, A.L. Smith, D.B. Delurgio, A.R. Leon, E. Loh, et al.
Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure.
N Engl J Med, (2002), 346 pp. 1845-1853
[67.]
F.A. McAlister, J.A. Ezekowitz, N. Wiebe, B. Rowe, C. Spooner, E. Crumley, et al.
Systematic review: cardiac resynchronization in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
Ann Intern Med, (2004), 141 pp. 381-390
[68.]
D.J. Bradley, E.A. Bradley, K.L. Baughman, R.D. Berger, H. Calkins, S.N. Goodman, et al.
Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
JAMA, (2003), 289 pp. 730-740
[69.]
J.G. Cleland, J.C. Daubert, E. Erdmann, N. Freemantle, D. Gras, L. Kappenberger, et al.
The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure.
N Engl J Med, (2005), 352 pp. 1539-1549
[70.]
Y. Arad, L.A. Spadaro, K. Goodman, D. Newstein, A.D. Guerci.
Prediction of coronary events with electron beam computed tomography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2000), 36 pp. 1253-1260
[71.]
G.T. Kondos, J.A. Hoff, A. Sevrukov, M.L. Daviglus, D.B. Garside, S.S. Devries, et al.
Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5,635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults.
Circulation, (2003), 107 pp. 2571-2576
[72.]
L.J. Shaw, P. Raggi, E. Schisterman, D.S. Berman, T.Q. Callister.
Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.
Radiology, (2003), 228 pp. 826-833
[73.]
J. Shemesh, A. Tenenbaum, E.Z. Fisman, Y. Har-Zahav, S. Rath, S. Apter, et al.
Coronary calcium as a reliable tool for differentiating ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1996), 77 pp. 191-194
[74.]
M.J. Budoff, S. Achenbach, A. Duerinckx.
Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques for noninvasive coronary angiography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 1867-1878
[75.]
U. Hoffmann, F. Moselewski, R.C. Cury, M. Ferencik, I.K. Jang, L.J. Diaz, et al.
Predictive value of 16-slice multidetector spiral computed tomography to detect significant obstructive coronary artery disease in patients at high risk for coronary artery disease: patient-versus segment-based analysis.
Circulation, (2004), 110 pp. 2638-2643
[76.]
N.R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, G.P. Krestin, E.P. McFadden, C.A. Arampatzis, P.W. Serruys, et al.
Improved diagnostic accuracy with 16-row multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 45 pp. 128-132
[77.]
M.J. Budoff, M.C. Cohen, M.J. García, J.M. Hodgson, W.G. Hundley, J.A. Lima, et al.
ACCF/AHA clinical competence statement on cardiac imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 46 pp. 383-402
[78.]
J.A. Rumberger.
Use of ultrafast (cine) X-ray computed tomography in cardiac and cardiovascular imaging.
Mayo Clinic Practice of Cardiology, Mosby, pp. 303-324
[79.]
H.K. Baik, M.J. Budoff, K.L. Lane, H. Bakhsheshi, B.H. Brundage.
Accurate measures of left ventricular ejection fraction using electron beam tomography: a comparison with radionuclide angiography, and cine angiography.
Int J Card Imaging, (2000), 16 pp. 391-398
[80.]
D.M. Shavelle, J. Takasu, M.J. Budoff, S. Mao, X.Q. Zhao, K.D. O’Brien.
HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium.
Lancet, (2002), 359 pp. 1125-1126
[81.]
R. Moncada, M. Baker, M. Salinas, T.C. Demos, R. Churchill, L. Love, et al.
Diagnostic role of computed tomography in pericardial heart disease: congenital defects, thickening, neoplasms, and effusions.
Am Heart J, (1982), 103 pp. 263-282
[82.]
J.M. Isner, B.L. Carter, M.S. Bankoff, M.A. Konstam, D.N. Salem.
Computed tomography in the diagnosis of pericardial heart disease.
Ann Intern Med, (1982), 97 pp. 473-479
[83.]
E. Itti, J. Rosso, H. Hammami, S. Benayoun, J.P. Thirion, M. Meignan.
Myocardial tracking, a new method to calculate ejection fraction with gated SPECT: validation with (201)Tl versus planar angiography.
J Nucl Med, (2001), 42 pp. 845-852
[84.]
K. Nichols, D. Lefkowitz, T. Faber, R. Folks, D. Cooke, E.V. García, et al.
Echocardiographic validation of gated SPECT ventricular function measurements.
J Nucl Med, (2000), 41 pp. 1308-1314
[85.]
N.L. Choragudi, A.M. Prakash, Y. Sun, P. Prasad, S.A. Chiaramida, R.J. Lucariello.
Comparison of echocardiography with technetium 99m-gated single photon emission computed tomography as diagnostic tools for left ventricular ejection fraction.
Echocardiography, (2001), 18 pp. 627-632
[86.]
R.M. Fleming.
A tete-a-tete comparison of ejection fraction and regional wall motion abnormalities as measured by echocardiography and gated sestamibi SPECT.
Angiology, (2002), 53 pp. 313-321
[87.]
M.G. Gunning, C. Anagnostopoulos, G. Davies, S.M. Forbat, P.J. Ell, S.R. Underwood.
Gated technetium-99m-tetrofosmin SPECT and cine MRI to assess left ventricular contraction.
J Nucl Med, (1997), 38 pp. 438-442
[88.]
J.J. Bax, H. Lamb, P. Dibbets, H. Pelikan, E. Boersma, E.P. Viergever, et al.
Comparison of gated single-photon emission computed tomography with magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of left ventricular function in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (2000), 86 pp. 1299-1305
[89.]
J.P. Ioannidis, T.A. Trikalinos, P.G. Danias.
Electrocardiogram-gated single-photon emission computed tomography versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a meta-analysis.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2002), 39 pp. 2059-2068
[90.]
G. Germano, J. Erel, H. Lewin, P.B. Kavanagh, D.S. Berman.
Automatic quantitation of regional myocardial wall motion and thickening from gated technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1997), 30 pp. 1360-1367
[91.]
F.F. Wahba, H.J. Lamb, J.J. Bax, P. Dibbets-Schneider, C.D. Bavelaar- Croon, A.H. Zwinderman, et al.
Assessment of regional myocardial wall motion and thickening by gated 99Tcm-tetrofosmin SPECT: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.
Nucl Med Commun, (2001), 22 pp. 663-671
[92.]
H.J. Muntinga, F. Van den Berg, H.R. Knol, M.G. Niemeyer, P.K. Blanksma, H. Louwes, et al.
Normal values and reproducibility of left ventricular filling parameters by radionuclide angiography.
Int J Card Imaging, (1997), 13 pp. 165-171
[93.]
H. Schirmer, P. Lunde, K. Rasmussen.
Mitral flow derived Doppler indices of left ventricular diastolic function in a general population; the Tromso study.
Eur Heart J, (2000), 21 pp. 1376-1386
[94.]
S.G. Tauberg, J.E. Orie, B.E. Bartlett, E.M. Cottington, A.R. Flores.
Usefulness of thallium-201 for distinction of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1993), 71 pp. 674-680
[95.]
J.F. Bureau, J.F. Gaillard, R. Granier, J.P. Ollivier.
Diagnostic and prognostic criteria of chronic left ventricular failure obtained during exercise-201Tl imaging.
Eur J Nucl Med, (1987), 12 pp. 613-616
[96.]
B.H. Bulkley, G.M. Hutchins, I. Bailey, H.W. Strauss, B. Pitt.
Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy: a clinical and pathologic study.
Circulation, (1977), 55 pp. 753-760
[97.]
S. Saltissi, B. Hockings, D.N. Croft, M.M. Webb-Peploe.
Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in patients with dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
Br Heart J, (1981), 46 pp. 290-295
[98.]
P.G. Danias, A.W. Ahlberg, I.II. Clark BA, F. Messineo, M.G. Levine, C.C. McGill, et al.
Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function with exercise technetium- 99m sestamibi gated single-photon emission computed tomography can differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1998), 82 pp. 1253-1258
[99.]
D.B. Glamann, R.A. Lange, J.R. Corbett, L.D. Hillis.
Utility of various radionuclide techniques for distinguishing ischemic from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Arch Intern Med, (1992), 152 pp. 769-772
[100.]
R.E.D. Hudson.
Pathology of cardiomyopathy.
Cardiovasc Clin, (1972), 4 pp. 3-59
[101.]
A. Pasternac, J. Noble, Y. Streulens, R. Elie, C. Henschke, M.G. Bourassa.
Pathophysiology of chest pain in patients with cardiomyopathies and normal coronary arteries.
Circulation, (1982), 65 pp. 778-789
[102.]
R.O. Cannon III., R.E. Cunnion, J.E. Parrillo, S.T. Palmeri, E.E. Tucker, W.H. Schenke, et al.
Dynamic limitation of coronary vasodilator reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and chest pain.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1987), 10 pp. 1190-1200
[103.]
F.J. Klocke, E.M. Antman, S.C. Smith, M.G. Baird, T.M. Bateman, D.S. Berman, et al.
ACC/AHA/ASNC Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 1318-1333
[104.]
J.J. Bax, W. Wijns, J.H. Cornel, F.C. Visser, E. Boersma, P.M. Fioretti.
Accuracy of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1997), 30 pp. 1451-1460
[105.]
J. Alexander, N. Dainiak, H.J. Berger, L. Goldman, D. Johnstone, L. Reduto, et al.
Serial assessment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography.
N Engl J Med, (1979), 300 pp. 278-283
[106.]
B. Schaadt, H. Kelbaek.
Age and left ventricular ejection fraction identify patients with advanced breast cancer at high risk for development of epirubicin-induced heart failure.
J Nucl Cardiol, (1997), 4 pp. 494-501
[107.]
M. Lopez, P. Vici, K. Di Lauro, F. Conti, G. Paoletti, A. Ferraironi, et al.
Randomized prospective clinical trial of high-dose epirubicin and dexrazoxane in patients with advanced breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas.
J Clin Oncol, (1998), 16 pp. 86-92
[108.]
J. Lekakis, J. Nanas, V. Prassopoulos, P. Kostamis, S. Moulopoulos.
Natural evolution of antimyosin scan and cardiac function in patients with acute myocarditis.
Int J Cardiol, (1995), 52 pp. 53-58
[109.]
G.W. Dec, I. Palacios, T. Yasuda, J.T. Fallon, B.A. Khaw, H.W. Strauss, et al.
Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: its role in the diagnosis of myocarditis.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1990), 16 pp. 97-104
[110.]
D. Agostini, G. Babatasi, A. Manrique, E. Saloux, G. Grollier, J.C. Potier, et al.
Impairment of cardiac neuronal function in acute myocarditis: iodine-123-MIBG scintigraphy study.
J Nucl Med, (1998), 39 pp. 1841-1844
[111.]
J. Narula, B.A. Khaw, G.W. Dec, I.F. Palacios, J.B. Newell, J.F. Southern, et al.
Diagnostic accuracy of antimyosin scintigraphy in suspected myocarditis.
J Nucl Cardiol, (1996), 3 pp. 371-381
[112.]
E.T. Martin, J.A. Coman, F.G. Shellock, C.C. Pulling, R. Fair, K. Jenkins.
Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2004), 43 pp. 1315-1324
[113.]
D.J. Pennell, U.P. Sechtem, C.B. Higgins, W.J. Manning, G.M. Pohost, F.E. Rademakers, et al.
Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report.
Eur Heart J, (2004), 25 pp. 1940-1965
[114.]
F. Grothues, J.C. Moon, N.G. Bellenger, G.S. Smith, H.U. Klein, D.J. Pennell.
Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
Am Heart J, (2004), 147 pp. 218-223
[115.]
P.B. Bottini, A.A. Carr, M. Prisant, F.W. Flickinger, J.D. Allison, J.S. Gottdiener.
Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient.
Am J Hypertens, (1995), 8 pp. 221-228
[116.]
E.A. Zerhouni, D.M. Parish, W.J. Rogers, A. Yang, E.P. Shapiro.
Human heart: Tagging with MR Imaging – A method for non-invasive assessment of myocardial motion.
[117.]
S.R. Underwood, R.SO. Rees, P.E. Savage, R.H. Klipstein, D.N. Firmin, K.M. Fox, et al.
Assessment of regional left ventricular function by magnetic resonance.
Br Heart J, (1986), 56 pp. 334-340
[118.]
J. Suzuki, G.R. Caputo, T. Masui, J.M. Chang, M. O'Sullivan, C.B. Higgins.
Assessment of right ventricular diastolic and systolic function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using cine magnetic resonance imaging.
Am Heart J, (1991), 122 pp. 1035-1040
[119.]
R.M. Peshock, R. Rokey, G.M. Malloy, P. McNamee, L.M. Buja, R.W. Parkey, et al.
Assessment of myocardial systolic wall thickening using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1989), 14 pp. 653-659
[120.]
A.M. Beek, H.P. Kuhl, O. Bondarenko, J.W. Twisk, M.B. Hofman, W.G. Van Dockum, et al.
Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 895-901
[121.]
K.M. Choi, R.J. Kim, G. Gubernikoff, J.D. Vargas, M. Parker, R.M. Judd.
Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 1101-1107
[122.]
D.J. Pennell, S.R. Underwood, P.J. Ell, R.H. Swanton, J.M. Walker, D.B. Longmore.
Dipyridamole magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with thallium-201 emission tomography.
Br Heart J, (1990), 64 pp. 362-369
[123.]
F.M. Baer, K. Smolarz, M. Jungehulsing, J. Beckwilm, P. Theissen, U. Sechtem, et al.
Feasibility of high dose dipyridamole magnetic resonance imaging for detection of coronary artery disease and comparison with coronary angiography.
Am J Cardiol, (1992), 69 pp. 51-56
[124.]
E. Nagel, H.B. Lehmkuhl, W. Bocksch, C. Klein, U. Vogel, E. Frantz, et al.
Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high dose dobutamine stress MRI. Comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography.
Circulation, (1999), 99 pp. 763-770
[125.]
E. Nagel, H.B. Lehmkuhl, C. Klein, U. Schneider, E. Frantz, A. Ellmer, et al.
Influence of image quality on the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging in comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography for the non-invasive detection of myocardial ischemia.
Z Kardiol, (1999), 88 pp. 622-630
[126.]
D. Kuijpers, K.Y. Ho, P.R. Van Dijkman, R. Vliegenthart, M. Oudkerk.
Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging.
Circulation, (2003), 107 pp. 1592-1597
[127.]
J.R. Panting, P.D. Gatehouse, G.Z. Yang, M. Jerosch-Herold, N. Wilke, D.N. Firmin, et al.
Echo planar magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging: Parametric map analysis and comparison with thallium SPECT.
J Magn Reson Imaging, (2001), 13 pp. 192-200
[128.]
J. Schwitter, D. Nanz, S. Kneifel, M. Buchi, P.R. Knusel, B. Marincek, et al.
Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography.
Circulation, (2001), 103 pp. 2230-2235
[129.]
S.D. Wolff, J. Schwitter, R. Coulden, M.G. Friedrich, D.A. Bluemke, R.W. Biederman, et al.
Myocardial first-pass perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. A multicenter dose-ranging study.
Circulation, (2004), 110 pp. 732-737
[130.]
F.M. Baer, E. Voth, C.A. Schneider, P. Theissen, H. Schicha, U. Sechtem.
Comparison of low-dose dobutamine gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. A functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability.
Circulation, (1995), 91 pp. 1006-1015
[131.]
K. Ramani, R.M. Judd, T.A. Holly, T.B. Parrish, V.H. Rigolin, M.A. Parker, et al.
Contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.
Circulation, (1998), 98 pp. 2687-2694
[132.]
B.L. Gerber, J. Garot, D.A. Bluemke, K.C. Wu, J.A. Lima.
Accuracy of contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging in predicting improvement of regional myocardial function in patients after acute myocardial infarction.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 1083-1089
[133.]
H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, T.A. Holly, M.D. Elliott, R.O. Bonow, R.J. Kim, et al.
Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 2322-2327
[134.]
H.P. Kuhl, A.M. Beek, A.P. Van der Weerdt, M.B. Hofman, C.A. Visser, A.A. Lammertsma, et al.
Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease: comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 41 pp. 1341-1348
[135.]
K. Kitagawa, H. Sakuma, T. Hirano, S. Okamoto, K. Makino, K. Takeda.
Acute myocardial infarction: Myocardial viability assessment in patients early thereafter: comparison of contrast enhanced MR imaging with resting 201-Tl SPECT.
Radiology, (2003), 226 pp. 138-144
[136.]
M.J. Budoff, S. Achenbach, A. Duerinckx.
Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques for noninvasive coronary angiography.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 1867-1878
[137.]
W.Y. Kim, P.G. Danias, M. Stuber, S.D. Flamm, S. Plein, E. Nagel, et al.
Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses.
N Engl J Med, (2001), 345 pp. 1863-1869
[138.]
J.C.C. Moon, N.G. Fisher, W.J. McKenna, D.J. Pennell.
Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography.
Heart, (2004), 90 pp. 645-649
[139.]
J. Suzuki, F. Watanabe, K. Takenaka, K. Amano, W. Amano, T. Igarashi, et al.
New subtype of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identified with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as an underlying cause of markedly inverted T waves.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (1993), 22 pp. 1175-1181
[140.]
L. Arrive, P. Assayag, G. Russ, D. Najmark, E. Brochet, H. Nahum.
MRI and cine MRI of asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
J Comput Assist Tomogr, (1994), 18 pp. 376-382
[141.]
J.C. Moon, E. Reed, M.N. Sheppard, A.G. Elkington, S.Y. Ho, M. Burke, et al.
The histological basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2004), 43 pp. 2260-2264
[142.]
J.C. Moon, W.J. McKenna, J.A. McCrohon, P.M. Elliott, G.C. Smith, D.J. Pennell.
Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 41 pp. 1561-1567
[143.]
J.A. McCrohon, D.R. Richmond, D.J. Pennell, R.H. Mohiaddin.
Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium: a rarity or missed diagnosis?.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. e22-e23
[144.]
N.E. Doherty, N. Fujita, G.R. Caputo, C.B. Higgins.
Measurement of right ventricular mass in normal and dilated cardiomyopathic ventricles using cine magnetic resonance imaging.
Am J Cardiol, (1992), 69 pp. 1223-1228
[145.]
J.A. McCrohon, J.C. Moon, S.K. Prasad, W.J. McKenna, C.H. Lorenz, A.J. Coats, et al.
Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
[146.]
C. Soriano, F. Ridocci, J. Estornell, J. Jiménez, V. Martínez, J.A. Velasco.
Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 45 pp. 743-748
[147.]
G.C. Casolo, L. Poggesi, M. Boddi, A. Fazi, C. Bartolozzi, G. Lizzadro, et al.
ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging in right ventricular dysplasia.
Am Heart J, (1987), 113 pp. 1245-1248
[148.]
L.M. Blake, M.M. Scheinman, C.B. Higgins.
MR features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
AJR Am J Roentgenol, (1994), 162 pp. 809-812
[149.]
C. Borgna-Pignatti, S. Rugolotto, P. De Stefano, P. De Stefano, A. Piga, F. Di Gregorio, et al.
Survival and disease complications in thalassemia major.
Ann N Y Acad Sci, (1998), 850 pp. 227-231
[150.]
L.J. Anderson, S. Holden, B. Davis, E. Prescott, C.C. Charrier, N.H. Bunce, et al.
Cardiovascular T2 magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload.
Eur Heart J, (2001), 22 pp. 2171-2179
[151.]
L.J. Anderson, N. Bunce, B. Davis, E. Prescott, C.C. Charrier, N.H. Bunce, et al.
Reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study with cardiac magnetic resonance [resumen].
Heart, (2001), 85 pp. 33.
[152.]
L.J. Anderson, B. Wonke, E. Prescott, S. Holden, J.M. Walker, D.J. Pennell.
Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron levels and ventricular function in beta thalassemia.
Lancet, (2002), 360 pp. 516-520
[153.]
U. Sechtem, C.B. Higgins, B.A. Sommerhoff, M.J. Lipton, E.C. Huycke.
Magnetic resonance imaging of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol, (1987), 59 pp. 480-482
[154.]
R. Fattori, G. Rocchi, F. Celletti, P. Bertaccini, C. Rapezzi, G. Gavelli.
Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Am Heart J, (1998), 136 pp. 824-830
[155.]
T. Masui, S. Finck, C.B. Higgins.
Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: evaluation with MR imaging.
Radiology, (1992), 182 pp. 369-373
[156.]
K. Riedy, M.R. Fisher, N. Belic, P.I. Koenigsberg.
MR imaging of myocardial sarcoidosis.
AJR Am J Roentgenol, (1988), 15 pp. 915-916
[157.]
M.J. Doherty, S.K. Kumar, A.A. Nicholson, D.V. McGivern.
Cardiac sarcoidosis: the value of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment.
Respir Med, (1998), 92 pp. 797-799
[158.]
T. Shimada, K. Shimada, T. Sakane, K. Ochiai, H. Tsukihashi, M. Fukui, et al.
Diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis and evaluation of the effects of steroid therapy by gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Am J Med, (2001), 110 pp. 520-527
[159.]
J. Schulz-Menger, O. Strohm, R. Dietz, M.G. Friedrich.
Visualization of cardiac involvement in patients with systemic sarcoidosis applying contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
MAGMA, (2000), 11 pp. 82-83
[160.]
O. Vignaux, R. Dhote, D. Duboc, P. Blanche, D. Dusser, S. Weber, et al.
Clinical significance of myocardial magnetic resonance abnormalities in patients with sarcoidosis: a 1-year follow-up study.
Chest, (2002), 122 pp. 1895-1901
[161.]
M.G. Friedrich, O. Strohm, J. Schulz-Menger, H. Marciniak, F.C. Luft, R. Dietz.
Contrast media enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualises myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis.
Circulation, (1998), 97 pp. 1802-1809
[162.]
H. Mahrholdt, C. Goedecke, A. Wagner, G. Meinhardt, A. Athanasiadis, H. Vogelsberg, et al.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology.
Circulation, (2004), 109 pp. 1250-1258
[163.]
P.P. Liu, A.T. Yan.
Resonance for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Prospects for detecting myocardial inflammation.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 45 pp. 1823-1825
[164.]
G.H. Roditi, G.G. Hartnell, M.C. Cohen.
MRI changes in myocarditis: evaluation with spin echo, cine MR angiography and contrast enhanced spin echo imaging.
Clin Radiol, (2000), 55 pp. 752-758
[165.]
R.H. Mohiaddin, S.L. Wann, R. Underwood, D.N. Firmin, S. Rees, D.B. Longmore.
Vena caval flow: assessment with cine MR velocity mapping.
Radiology, (1990), 177 pp. 537-541
[166.]
P.J. Kilner, C.C. Manzara, R.H. Mohiaddin, D.J. Pennell, M.G. Sutton, D.N. Firmin, et al.
Magnetic resonance jet velocity mapping in mitral and aortic valve stenosis.
Circulation, (1993), 87 pp. 1239-1248
[167.]
S.D. Caruthers, S.J. Lin, P. Brown, M.P. Watkins, T.A. Williams, K.A. Lehr, et al.
Practical value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for clinical quantification of aortic valve stenosis: comparison with echocardiography.
Circulation, (2003), 108 pp. 2236-2243
[168.]
M.B. Edwards, K.M. Taylor, F.G. Shellock.
Prosthetic heart valves: evaluation of magnetic field interactions, heating, and artifacts at 1.5 T.
J Magn Reson Imaging, (2000), 12 pp. 363-369
[169.]
R. Hirsch, P.J. Kilner, M.S. Connelly, A.N. Redington, M.G. St John Sutton, J. Somerville.
Diagnosis in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. Prospective assessment of individual and combined roles of magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography.
Circulation, (1994), 90 pp. 2937-2951
[170.]
U. Hoppe, B. Dederichs, H.J. Deutsch, P. Theissen, H. Schicha, U. Sechtem.
Congenital heart disease in adults and adolescents: comparative value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and MR imaging.
Radiology, (1996), 199 pp. 669-677
[171.]
Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Edwards FH, Ewy GA, Gardner TJ, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for oronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery) [citado 30 Jun 2005]. Disponible en: http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/cabg/cabg.pdf
[172.]
K.C. Allman, L.J. Shaw, R. Hachamovitch, J.E. Udelson.
Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2002), 39 pp. 1151-1158
[173.]
F.J. Klocke, M.G. Baird, B.H. Lorell, T.M. Bateman, J.V. Messer, D.S. Berman, et al.
ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging).
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 1318-1333
Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Cardiología
¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?