Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are unusual clinical entities that tend to be produced in patients who have suffered serious thoracic trauma1,2 or who have been undergone cardiovascular surgery, particularly aortic valve replacement3-5 or the insertion of a single or bivalve aortic conduit.6-8

Peri-operative mortality in patients who have been diagnosed and who undergo new surgical intervention for resection of pseudoaneurysm tends to be elevated, with the few published series reporting a rate of approximately 50%.9,11 Knowing the signs and symptoms leading to early diagnosis could provide better control of this rare, but serious, disease.

We present 2 cases of patients who had undergone surgical intervention (1 for type A dissection of the aorta and the other for coronary artery disease with aortocoronary graft of the saphenous vein) who later presented with a giant pseudoaneurysm; the first and almost exclusive symptom was the appearance of a pulsating thoracic mass, 1 suprasternal and the other midsternal.

CLINICAL CASES

Case 1

A 35-year-old man, deaf-mute from birth and a smoker, underwent emergency surgery for dissection of a type A ascending aorta, aortoplasty was performed with a Dacron patch, re-suspension of the aortic valve, and saphenous graft to the right coronary artery by detachment of same. The post-operative course proceeded without complication, and an echocardiogram and magnetic resonance scan prior to discharge were normal. Six months later, the patient came to the hospital with a 2-day history of a mass increasing in size and seeping in the suprasternal hollow and that was interfering with sleep. He did not complain of fever or arterial hypertension. Upon examination, a palpable mass the size of a golf ball was found on the sternum in the area of the suprasternal hollow that did not correspond to any of the neck arteries. Aortography (Figure 1) was performed immediately and revealed a giant pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta in the anterior region of the thorax compromising the aortic lumen and extending to the sternum. A contrast view showed the pseudoaneurysm on top of the aortic cuspids, without appreciable aortic insufficiency or changes in the supra-aortic trunks. Surgery was again performed, and revealed a broken aortic wall with detachment of the patch placed during the previous surgery. A Bjork number 25 prosthesis was placed in the aortic position, and a 30mm Dacron tube was anastomosed with respect to the left coronary ostium and with an end to end anastomosis of the right internal mammary artery involving the bridge from the previous saphenous graft to the right coronary artery. The patient died 10 days after the second procedure due to multiple organ failure.

Fig. 1. Left anterior oblique projection aortography at 60°. A rupture of the ascending aorta with a contrast pass to a giant aortic aneurysm can be seen.

Case 2

A 57-year-old man with a history of arterial hypertension, anterior myocardial infarct 6 years previously, and surgery for craniopharyngioma 2 years earlier with residual diabetes insipida. Because of his unstable angina, cardiography was performed and revealed large lesions of the left descending anterior artery and the marginal obtuse artery. Surgery was performed, and 2 coronary grafts were placed from the left internal mammary artery to the descending artery, and from the saphenous vein to the marginal obtuse vein. The post-surgical course was uneventful except for superficial damage to the sternum caused by the incision and a slight mediastinitis without fever. Five months after surgery, a pulsatile mass was observed in the midsternal area protruding from the incision. A magnetic resonance scan was performed (Figure 2), showing a large collection of blood in the area adjacent to the ascending aorta compatible with an aortic pseudoaneurysm. This was later confirmed by aortography, with contrast view showing the contrast medium from the aorta to the pseudoaneurysmal cavity in the area corresponding to the anastomosis near the venous graft. Surgery was again performed, and a Dacron patch was placed and fixed in the area of the aortic rupture. The patient died 34 days later due to septic shock secondary to bilateral nosocomial pneumonia.

Fig. 2. Magnetic nuclear resonance T1 sagittal image. A large round image next to the ascending aorta is present which is in contact with the sternum, composed of thrombotic material and bloody liquid indicative of an aortic pseudoaneurysm.

DISCUSSION

Although rare, the possibility of a pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta must be considered in patients who have previously undergone coronary or aortic surgery, especially those with aortic valve replacement, where the incidence is approximately 0.6%,11 and in composite aortic grafts6, as occurred in our first patient. In the second patient, the pseudoaneurysm developed after coronary bypass surgery, which occurs even less frequently and is seldom described in the literature. We have found only 4 published cases in a recent 10-year study carried out by Razzouk et al.9 This study involved 13 patients diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm of the aorta with prior surgical intervention. The sites of aortic rupture were the aortotomy3, the site of aortic canulation2, the distal anastomosis of the ascending aortic graft4, and the proximal anastomosis of the venous graft, with the last 2 locations being the same as in our 2 cases.

The amount of time elapsed between surgical intervention and the discovery of the pseudoaneurysm varied greatly, ranging from hours10 to weeks2 to years later.3 There is even 1 case described which occurred 26 years after the intervention.12 In the cases secondary to thoracic trauma, years can pass between the time of the trauma and the appearance of the pseudoaneurysm, 1 case being reported as long as 26 years later.9 The most common causes of pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta in patients with previous surgical intervention tend to be damage at the suture site11 and infections of the prosthesis.13 Other less frequent causes such as hydatidosis14 and infection of the suture line in a cardiac transplant,15 have been described. Mediastinitis can also create a pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta, as has been recently reported, which, as in our second case, also involved the proximal anastomosis site of a venous graft to the right coronary artery.16 Prior dilatation of the aorta has been implicated by some authors,10,11 as a predisposing factor for the occurrence of aortic pseudoaneurysms in patients who undergo aortic valve replacement. These can produce fistulas to other cardiac chambers such as the right atrium17 or to the lungs and esophagus.9 They can also produce compression in the neighboring structures such as the superior vena cava and the pulmonary artery.18 Usually, the initial diagnosis of a suspected pseudoaneurysm occurs by casual discovery on an x-ray or scan. In other cases it is secondary to treatment of a persistent fever in the case of infections of prostheses,13 by dyspnea or congestive heart failure in the case of fistulas to other cardiac chambers,17 by hemoptysis or massive hematemesis in the aortobronchial or esophagoaortic fistulas,9 or by symptoms characteristic of superior vena cava syndrome when it produces compression of same. In our 2 cases the indicative sign was the sudden appearance of a pulsatile thoracic mass secondary to a pseudoaneurysm so large that it touched and compromised the thoracic wall. A recent tumor in any part of the thorax that is pulsatile in a patient who has undergone surgery (regardless of when) for any cardiac disease and patients who have had thoracic trauma should raise the suspicion of a giant pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta, prompting initiation of to confirm the presence of same.

Correspondencia:
Dr. A. Merchán Herrera.
Fernando Sánchez Sampedro, 1, 5.o. 06003 Badajoz. España
E-mail: merchanh@inicia.es